黑颈鹤种群动态模型

本研究据已收集到的数据,用非参数统计方法确定了黑颈鹤种群的性比为1:1,避免了大量取样。根据黑颈鹤的特点,我们将其种群分成4个年龄组,并求出了各年龄组的存活率和繁殖率,据此建立了描述黑颈鹤种群动态的数学模型。用模型计算得出在乌蒙山区越冬的黑颈鹤种群的自然增长率为1.85‰;理想的种群结构为幼鹤、亚成鹤、成鹤、老鹤分别占总数的15.5％、21.5％、60.2％、2.8％,最后预测了乌蒙山黑颈鹤种群在1988～2000年越冬期的数量。1989年1月经实地调查该种群总数为310只,而预测值为303只,误差约2％。     

鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物群落结构及功能预测分析

【目的】分析鄱阳湖越冬白鹤在人工生境中肠道微生物群落组成和代谢功能特征。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术比较藕田和稻田2种不同人工生境鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物群落组成和重建未观察到的状态(phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states, PICRUSt)进行功能预测。【结果】稻田白鹤肠道微生物α多样性(Ace、Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数)高于藕田白鹤,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。基于Binary-Jaccard距离矩阵的β多样性分析发现2种人工生境的白鹤肠道微生物群落结构差异显著(R²=0.312, P<0.05)。不同人工生境鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物组成存在差异,藕田白鹤肠道微生物的优势菌属是土孢杆菌属、罗布西亚属和苏黎世杆菌属;稻田白鹤肠道微生物的优势菌属是乳酸杆菌属、里氏杆菌属和球菌属。线性判别分析[line discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size, LEfSe]分析发现乳杆菌科、乳酸杆菌属、苏黎世杆菌属等具有较强发酵代谢碳水化合物能力的微生物在2种人工生境下差异显著。PICRUSt功能预测表明鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物与新陈代谢、基因信息处理、环境信息处理和人类疾病等功能相关,在level 1水平上,有5类代谢通路具有显著性差异(P<0.001)。【结论】两种人工生境中鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物组成和群落特征差异较大,可能是由于同域觅食鸟类的种类、数量以及食物来源的不同。同时,PICRUSt功能预测揭示了不同人工生境中鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物功能基因丰度的显著差异,表明白鹤可以通过调整自身肠道微生物组成来适应不同人工生境食物资源的变化带来的挑战。本研究对不同人工生境下白鹤肠道微生物的组成和功能潜力的研究结果可以为鄱阳湖越冬白鹤肠道微生物的研究提供一定依据,对于白鹤的保护和制定管理策略具有一定的参考价值和现实意义。     

Satellite tracking of the migration of the red-crowned crane Grus japonensis

Autumn migration routes of red-crowned cranes, Grus japonensis, from two continental east Asian sites were documented in detail by satellite tracking. Two routes were identified: a 2200km western route from Russias Khingansky Nature Reserve to coastal Jiangsu Province, China; and a 900km eastern route from Lake Khanka (Russia) to the Korean Peninsula and the Demilitarized Zone. The most important rest-sites were identified as Panjin Marsh (China), coastal mudflats south-east of Tangshan City (China), the Yellow River mouth (China), Tumen River mouth (North Korea/China/Russia), Kumya (North Korea) and Cholwon (Korean DMZ). Movements within the wintering range were also recorded, including complex commuting between sites by individual cranes and patterns of daily movements within sites. These data should prove useful for conservation of the flyway.     

A simple population viability analysis of Tancho (Grus japonensis) in southeastern Hokkaido, Japan

We employed population viability analysis to estimate future population trends and extinction risk of Tancho, the Japanese or red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis). The stage matrix was based on 15 years of data collected by counting the number of wintering cranes and following the survivorship of banded cranes. The accidental death rate was estimated from the number of dead or seriously injured cranes collected in the Kushiro municipal zoo. Consequently, the accidental death rate was found to increase each year at 0.072% per year during the recent 14 years and 0.132% per year during final 6 years. The carrying capacity (K) was estimated from the mean mire area within the territory of a breeding pair and the geographic information system data in southeastern Hokkaido. Accordingly, K was estimated to be 1,659 in this area. Using the stage matrix, accidental death rates and K (and 20%-lower K), the simulation was conducted under three conditions: (1) the increase of accidental death, (2) the limitation of carrying capacity, and (3) the concurrent occurrence of carrying capacity limitation and accidental death increase. As a result, the extinction probability during 100 years was zero, although the accidental death rate increased at the current rate of 0.132% per year. Therefore, by artificial feeding in winter, the Japanese population of Tancho reached the adequate level, which seems sustainable unless some catastrophic factors seriously damage the population. To raise the tolerance to catastrophic factors, we discuss the probability of their distributional expansion to western or northern Hokkaido and even to Honshu.     

Population and Harvest Dynamics of Midcontinent Sandhill Cranes

Sandhill cranes (Antigone canadensis) inhabiting the midcontinent of North America have been hunted since the 1960s under management goals of maintaining abundance, retaining geographic distribution, and maximizing sustainable harvest. Some biologists have raised concerns regarding harvest sustainability because sandhill cranes have lower reproductive rates than other game birds. We summarized demographic information in an age-structured matrix model to better understand population dynamics and harvest. Population indices and recovered harvest since the early 1980s suggest midcontinent sandhill cranes have experienced an average long-term annual growth of 0.9%; meanwhile, harvest has increased 1.8% annually. Adult survival and recruitment rates estimated from field data required modest adjustments (1–3%) so that model-derived growth rates matched growth estimated from a long-term survey (0.887 adult survival and 0.199 females/breeding female). Considering 0.9% long-term annual growth, sandhill cranes could be harvested at a rate of 6.6% if harvest was additive to natural mortality (assumed to be 0.05) or 11.3% if harvest mortality compensated for natural mortality. Life-history characteristics for long-lived organisms and demographic evidence suggested that hunter harvest was primarily additive. Differential harvest rates of segments of sandhill cranes in the midcontinent population derived from differential exposure to hunting suggested potentially unsustainable harvest for greater sandhill cranes (A. c. tabida) from 2 breeding segments. Overall, demographic evidence suggests that the harvest of sandhill cranes in the midcontinent population has been managed sustainably. Monitoring activities that reduce nuisance variation and estimate vital and harvest rates by subspecies would support continued management of sandhill cranes that are of interest to hunters and bird watchers. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

The spatial–temporal pattern changes of the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis) population in Zhalong NNR and the related driving forces

Understanding spatio-temporal distribution patterns of a species is essential to successful species and habitat conservation. The fluctuations of the red crowned crane population were studied after collecting the data about breeding red-crown cranes from Zhalong National Natural Reserve (Zhalong NNR) since 1981; and their spatial distribution patterns were also quantified in variant time periods with the method nearest neighbor analysis (NNA); the main factors leading to the dynamics of the bird population were analyzed. The results showed the red-crown crane population had fluctuated dramatically from 1981 to 2005. The number dropped rapidly to the minimum of the bird population to endanger the existence of the population by the year of 2005. And the spatial distribution pattern changed from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution during 1996–2005. These changes reflected that the distributions of habitats had undergone a process of fragmentation, and the area of the suitable habitats suffered such a continuous loss that there were insufficient habitats to sustain the bird population any more. And consequently, the decline of the bird population occurred. The wildfire and the anthropogenic activities were the driving forces which accounted for the degradation of the habitats and hereafter the fluctuations of the red-crown population.     

The spatial–temporal pattern changes of the red crowned crane (Grus japonensis) population in Zhalong NNR and the related driving forces

Understanding spatio-temporal distribution patterns of a species is essential to successful species and habitat conservation. The fluctuations of the red crowned crane population were studied after collecting the data about breeding red-crown cranes from Zhalong National Natural Reserve (Zhalong NNR) since 1981; and their spatial distribution patterns were also quantified in variant time periods with the method nearest neighbor analysis (NNA); the main factors leading to the dynamics of the bird population were analyzed. The results showed the red-crown crane population had fluctuated dramatically from 1981 to 2005. The number dropped rapidly to the minimum of the bird population to endanger the existence of the population by the year of 2005. And the spatial distribution pattern changed from uniform distribution to aggregated distribution during 1996–2005. These changes reflected that the distributions of habitats had undergone a process of fragmentation, and the area of the suitable habitats suffered such a continuous loss that there were insufficient habitats to sustain the bird population any more. And consequently, the decline of the bird population occurred. The wildfire and the anthropogenic activities were the driving forces which accounted for the degradation of the habitats and hereafter the fluctuations of the red-crown population.     

Revision of Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi Alexander (Diptera, Tipulidae), and a short discussion on subspecies among crane flies

All available type material of Tipula stackelbergi Alexander, Tipula usuriensis Alexander and Tipula subpruinosa Mannheims were examined. Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergistat. rev. is elevated from a subspecies of Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa Wiedemann to a valid species. Two new synonyms are proposed: Tipula usuriensissyn. n. proved to be a junior synonym of. Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa and Tipula subpruinosasyn. n. a junior synonym of Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana Lackschewitz. Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi is redescribed, male and female terminalia of Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa are illustrated and discussed. Female terminalia of Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana are described and illustrated for the first time. A key to both sexes of Tipula (Yamatotipula) stackelbergi and Tipula (Yamatotipula) pruinosa, and a key to females of Tipula (Yamatotipula) chonsaniana, Tipula (Yamatotipula) freyana and Tipula (Yamatotipula) moesta are provided. Subspecies are not uncommon among crane flies, but their ranges and traits are poorly known. An interdisciplinary approach (genetics, ecology, taxonomy) is suggested if subspecific ranks are to be used in tipuloid systematics.     

鄱阳湖4种鹤类集群特征与成幼组成的时空变化

2014年10月—2015年4月,采用样点法对鄱阳湖45个样点的白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)、白枕鹤(G.vipio)和灰鹤(G.grus)的集群大小、集群类型和成幼组成进行调查。结果显示,白鹤的平均集群大小(23.86±10.26)只(集群数N=104),白头鹤(6.42±1.63)只(N=98),白枕鹤(6.09±2.55)只(N=105),灰鹤(5.55±1.26)只(N=246)。仅白头鹤中期集群大小显著小于后期,其余鹤类各时期及灰鹤各地区的集群大小差异不显著。鄱阳湖鹤类的集群大小并不符合警戒行为对集群大小的预测,生境质量差异可能是影响鄱阳湖鹤类集群大小的主要原因之一。4种鹤类均在1—5只个体的小集群中出现频度最高。白鹤在35只个体集群中的个体比例最高,而白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤在1—5只个体集群和35只个体集群均有较高的个体比例。白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤均以家庭群为主,其家庭群所占比例分别为(64.29%,总集群数N=98)、(71.91%,N=89)、(70.77%,N=65)和(63.11%,N=206)。鄱阳湖鹤类以家庭群为主表明,保证充足的食物供应可能比花费更多的觅食时间更为重要。白鹤家庭群以2成1幼为主(65.08%),白头鹤(51.56%)、白枕鹤(52.17%)和灰鹤(47.69%)以2成为主。白鹤、白头鹤、白枕鹤和灰鹤群体的幼鸟比例分别为12.27%(个体数N=1695)、14.42%(N=416)、16.59%(N=229)和20.46%(N=655)。2成2幼集群比例极低表明,白鹤家庭同时抚养2个幼鸟成活的难度较其它3种鹤类大。4种鹤类在各时期的幼鸟比例差异不显著。在灰鹤个体数较多的3个地区中,都昌候鸟省级自然保护区(25.25%)和东鄱阳湖国家级湿地公园(25.14%)的幼鸟比例分别显著和极显著地高于鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区(14.24%)。鄱阳湖白鹤的幼鸟比例多年来均处于较低水平,白头鹤的幼鸟比例较2012—2013年冬季明显下降,灰鹤和白枕鹤种群可能处于稳定或增长状态。     

Characterisation of 14 blue crane <Emphasis Type="Italic">Grus paradisea</Emphasis> (Gruidae,AVES) microsatellite loci for use in detecting illegal trade

Forty-two unique microsatellite loci were isolated from an unenriched and a tetranucleotide-enriched blue crane (Grus paradisea) genomic library. Fourteen polymorphic loci were characterised in 20 unrelated wild blue crane individuals from the Karoo region, South Africa, and displayed 4–27 alleles with observed heterozygosities ranging between 0.50 and 0.95. All 14 loci were also polymorphic in the grey-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) and the wattled crane (Grus carunculatus). These markers are aimed at assisting the identification of illegal trade in the blue crane but have wider population and conservation applications for most, if not all, crane species.